Test
Подберите синоним:
proper placement of stethoscope earpiececardiac auscultation technique
lung sound assessment with a stethoscope
to minimize background noise during auscultation
to align the pulse oximeter probe
to apply the pulse oximeter on the fingertip
to measure oxygen saturation
to notice poor peripheral perfusion effects
to place cuff on the upper arm
to detect the Korotkoff sounds
to prepare the diagnostical equipment
to record the resting electrocardiogram
to apply a Holter monitor
to check the vital signs monitor
transthoracic echocardiography results
Doppler echocardiography flow assessment
stress echocardiography evaluation
echocardiography machine calibration
coronary CT angiography study
to administer the contrast agent
troponin test interpretation
Объясните термины:
myocardial infarctionoxygen
medication
diagnostics
stress test
ST changes
NPO
stimulant
heart attack
signs and symptoms
radiating pain
sudden and crushing pain
burning pain
mid back pain
epigastric pain
dyspnea
labored breathing
nausia and vomiting
BYPASS
surgery
CATH LAB
MIDCAB
arterio or angioplasty
ischemie heart disease
coronary artery disease
acute coronary syndrome
atherosclerosis
Вставьте пропущенные слова:
1. Stethoscope. When placed on the _______, it allows the ______ to detect normal and _______ heart _______ and rhythms. By carefully ________, the examiner can note whether the ________ is ________ or irregular, ______ or slow, and whether there are ______ sounds that might suggest ______ leakage or narrowing. This simple listening test is often one of the ______ steps in a heart ____________ because it is quick, non-invasive, and ________ no electricity or _______ setup. The ___________ it provides helps guide further ________, such as an electrocardiogram or an echocardiogram, if anything ___________ is heard.
An electrocardiogram records the ____________ signals that travel __________ the heart _______ each heartbeat. Small sticky __________ are placed on the ________ (кожа) of the chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes detect tiny electrical __________ that occur when the heart ________ (мышца) depolarizes and ___________, and the machine converts them into a _________ with waves and lines. Each part of this tracing represents a different phase of the ____________ (удара сердца), such as _______ (предсердия) depolarization or ___________ (желудочковая) repolarization. By studying the ________ (форма), _______(размер), and _______ (периодичность) of these waves, clinicians can detect rhythm _________, ________ (признаки) of a past or __________ (текущий) heart attack, and other electrical ______________ (искажения). It is a ____________ (безболезненный), ______________( быстрый), ______________ (неинвазивный) test that is commonly used in emergency rooms, clinics, and routine __________ (проверки).
An _____________ uses high-frequency ____________(звуковые волны) (ultrasound) to create moving images of the __________ (сердце). A small device called a transducer is placed on the ___________; it sends _______ waves into the body and ________ the echoes bouncing back from heart __________ (структуры). A computer then turns these _____ (эхо) into ______ (в реальном времени) pictures of the heart __________, ____________ (клапаны), and major blood _________ (сосуды). This allows clinicians to see how well the heart is _________ (накачивает), whether valves are _________ and closing properly, and if there is any ____________ (жидкость) around the ____________. It can also show areas of the heart _______ (мышца) that move ________ (слабо), which might _________ damage from ____________. Because it is ___________ (безболезненно), _________________ (неинвазивно) , and does not use ____________ (радиация) , it is a common tool for ___________ many heart conditions.
Discuss:
1. Many patients believe that a heart-attack is a one-time event.
2. Psycological stress and depression are treated as secondary issues, despite having outcomes comparable to traditional risk factors.
3. Surviving a heart attack does not mean the patient is healthy or safe afterward.
4. Some heart attacks are not sudden, patients experience warning signs, but are taught to ignore them.
Tell about yourself by answering the questions:
1. What is your first name/last name/current job title/current place of work?
2. What part of the national healthcare system do you work in? What is the focus of your work? What are you responsible for at your working place?
3. Do you create/follow an individual treatment plan for each medical case to improve patient outcomes and overall cardiovascular health?
4. Does your work often involve cooperation with a multidisciplinary team, including an electrophysiologist, cardiothoracic surgeon, physiotherapist, rehabilitologist and dietitian?
5. Are you interested in interventional cardiology, cardiac imaging, and pediatric cardiology, because heart diseases affect different age groups?
6. Do you use modern medical equipment in your work to assess heart rate variability and disease prevalence? What kind of modern medical equipment do you use? Do you use specific medical procedures in your work?
7. Do you participate in research contributions to improve clinical practice and study health-related landmarks in cardiology?
Составьте словосочетания со словами:
multidisciplinary, heart, current, research, five, patient, clinical, national, city, specific, cardiovascular, hospital, free, age, cardiothoracic, modern, actively, heart, disease, phone, individual, pediatric, careful, first, some, current, interventional, favorite, overall, patient’s, cardiac, health-related, last, health, full
Say in English:
В современной кардиологии и общей медицине используется широкий спектр диагностических и мониторинговых средств. Артериальное давление измеряется неинвазивно с помощью тонометра (сфигмоманометра), который показывает систолическое и диастолическое давление в мм рт. ст.; он бывает ручным, автоматическим или суточным. Для аускультации внутренних звуков применяют стетоскоп, усиливающий вибрации сердца, лёгких и органов пищеварения. Физическую нагрузку при обследовании сердца создают беговая дорожка и велоэргометр, позволяющие точно дозировать нагрузку.
Уровень глюкозы крови определяют глюкометры, а состояние свёртывающей системы — коагулометры. Оксигенацию крови и пульс контролируют пульсоксиметры. Электрическую активность сердца регистрируют мониторы ЭКГ и портативные носимые устройства, а в стационарах используется телеметрия для удалённого наблюдения за пациентами. Визуализация сердца осуществляется с помощью эхокардиографии (TTE, TEE, допплер, стресс-эхо), МРТ сердца и КТ, включая коронарную КТ-ангиографию. Рентген грудной клетки остаётся быстрым скрининговым методом.
Ангиографические системы с С-дугой применяются для инвазивных вмешательств с использованием контрастных веществ. Лабораторная диагностика включает анализ газов крови, определение сердечных маркеров, тропонина, натрийуретических пептидов и липидного профиля. Для сложных нарушений ритма проводится электрофизиологическое исследование сердца с катетерным картированием.
Answer the questions:
How do non-invasive blood pressure measurement techniques differ in clinical value between manual, automatic, and ambulatory sphygmomanometers, and in which situations is each type preferred?
Why is the measurement of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in mmHg essential for assessing cardiovascular function, and what physiological processes do these values reflect?
How does auscultation with a stethoscope enhance the detection of pathological sounds in the heart, lungs, and digestive system compared to imaging-based diagnostic methods?
In what ways do treadmill testing and bicycle ergometry differ in their ability to control workload and assess cardiac response during functional stress examinations?
How do glucometers and coagulation analyzers complement each other in evaluating metabolic and hemostatic factors that influence cardiovascular risk?
Why is continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation, pulse rate, and electrical cardiac activity crucial in hospitalized patients, and how does telemetry improve patient safety?
How do different echocardiographic modalities (TTE, TEE, Doppler, and stress echocardiography) vary in diagnostic capability and clinical indications?
What are the comparative advantages of cardiac MRI and CT, including coronary CT angiography, over traditional chest X-ray imaging in the assessment of heart disease?
Why are C-arm angiographic systems combined with contrast agents particularly important for invasive cardiovascular interventions, and what diagnostic information do they provide in real time?
How does electrophysiological study with catheter mapping contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of complex cardiac arrhythmias, and why is it considered an advanced invasive procedure?
Say in English:
Сфигмоманометр предназначен для измерения артериального давления — силы, с которой циркулирующая кровь воздействует на стенки артерий. Повышенное артериальное давление, или гипертония, может повреждать кровеносные сосуды и повышать риск инфаркта, инсульта и заболеваний почек, часто без выраженных симптомов. Регулярное измерение артериального давления позволяет врачам выявлять проблемы на ранней стадии и корректировать образ жизни или медикаментозную терапию для его контроля. Прибор может быть ручным, требующим использования стетоскопа и участия специалиста, либо автоматическим, отображающим цифровые значения. В обоих случаях цель состоит в получении точных показателей систолического и диастолического давления для ведения и контроля сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний.
Answer the Questions:
Stress test:
What is the primary purpose of a cardiac stress test?
How does a cardiac stress test simulate increased workload on the heart?
Which types of exercise equipment are commonly used during a stress test?
In what situations are medications used instead of physical exercise during stress testing?
Which physiological parameters are monitored while the patient undergoes a cardiac stress test?
Why is it important to observe heart function under conditions of increased physical demand?
How can ECG changes during a stress test indicate reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
What role does medical imaging play in certain types of cardiac stress tests?
Why might coronary artery disease remain undetected when a patient is at rest?
How does stress testing assist in diagnosing symptoms such as chest pain or shortness of breath during activity?
Study the Dialogues:
1 Dialogue - Holter Monitor
Doctor: Good morning. I’d like to talk to you about Holter monitoring.
Patient: Good morning, doctor. What exactly is Holter monitoring?
Doctor: It is a test that records your heart’s electrical activity continuously for 24 to 48 hours or sometimes longer.
Patient: How is the recording done during that time?
Doctor: A small portable device is connected to several electrodes placed on your chest.
Patient: Will I need to stay in the hospital while wearing it?
Doctor: No, you can go about your normal daily activities, including sleeping.
Patient: Can I work and move around as usual?
Doctor: Yes, that’s important, because we want to see how your heart behaves during everyday life.
Patient: Why is this test better than a regular ECG in the clinic?
Doctor: A short ECG may miss irregular heart rhythms, while long-term recording increases the chance of detecting them.
Patient: What should I do if I feel symptoms during the test?
Doctor: You will be asked to keep a diary and write down symptoms like palpitations or dizziness with the time they occur.
Patient: And how will that information be used later?
Doctor: We compare your symptoms with the recorded heart rhythm to see if abnormal rhythms explain them.
Patient: Is Holter monitoring invasive or painful?
Doctor: No, it is completely non-invasive and usually very comfortable.
Patient: Can it also show whether my heart medication is working properly?
Doctor: Yes, it helps evaluate the effectiveness of medications or pacemakers.
Patient: That sounds helpful. Thank you for explaining everything so clearly.
Dialogue 2 - Echocardiography
Doctor: Good morning. Let’s review today’s echocardiography schedule.
Nurse: Good morning, doctor. We have six patients booked for transthoracic echo.
Doctor: Are there any special cases, such as pediatric or pregnant patients?
Nurse: Yes, one pregnant patient in the afternoon, so ultrasound is ideal and safe.
Doctor: Excellent. Ultrasound allows repeated exams without radiation risk.
Nurse: That’s one reason patients feel more comfortable with echocardiography.
Doctor: Did you prepare the Doppler settings for blood flow assessment?
Nurse: Yes, Doppler is ready to measure flow direction and velocity.
Doctor: Good. We’ll need it to evaluate valve function in two patients.
Nurse: One patient has suspected mitral regurgitation.
Doctor: Then real-time imaging will be crucial to see valve motion clearly.
Nurse: The image quality should be good; their chest windows look favorable.
Doctor: Perfect. Please remind patients that the test is painless and non-invasive.
Nurse: I already explained that ultrasound only uses sound waves.
Doctor: That helps reduce anxiety, especially for first-time patients.
Nurse: Yes, many ask why we don’t use X-rays instead.
Doctor: And you explained that X-rays can’t show moving heart structures well?
Nurse: Exactly, and that ultrasound shows the heart beating in real time.
Doctor: Great. Let’s proceed and start with the first patient.
Nurse: The room is ready, doctor.
Say in English:
Ручной допплеровский прибор использует ультразвуковые волны для обнаружения и усиления звуков движения крови по кровеносным сосудам, таким как артерии ног или шеи. При установке датчика на сосуд с использованием геля прибор улавливает характерный звук кровотока. Изменения этого звука могут указывать на сужение или закупорку сосуда. В кардиологии и сосудистых обследованиях этот инструмент особенно полезен для оценки кровообращения в конечностях, проверки пульса, который трудно прощупать, и выявления заболеваний периферических артерий. Он прост в использовании, портативен и неинвазивен, что делает его удобным для применения у постели пациента. В сочетании с манжетами для измерения артериального давления прибор также может использоваться для расчёта лодыжечно-плечевого индекса (ankle-brachial indices), который сравнивает давление в области плеча и лодыжки для выявления нарушений кровообращения.