Right ventricle (RV)
правый желудочек — камера сердца, перекачивающая кровь в лёгкие
20
наиболее употребимых, которые регулярно встречаются в анамнезе,
клинических описаниях, исследованиях и врачебной коммуникации.
1 be was / were been The patient was admitted yesterday.
2 have had had The patient had severe chest pain.
3 do did done We did a blood test.
4 make made made The doctor made a diagnosis.
5 take took taken Blood samples were taken.
6 give gave given The patient was given antibiotics.
7 get got gotten/got The patient got worse overnight.
8 come came come The patient came to the clinic.
9 go went gone The pain went away.
10 see saw seen The doctor saw signs of infection.
11 find found found The scan found a tumor.
12 show showed shown The X-ray showed pneumonia.
13 become became become The condition became severe.
14 begin began begun Symptoms began two days ago.
15 grow grew grown The lesion has grown in size.
16 know knew known It is known that smoking increases risk.
17 write wrote written The doctor wrote a prescription.
18 break broke broken The bone was broken.
19 lead led led Infection led to complications.
20 build built built The study was built on previous research.
Особенность медицинского английского
В клинических текстах часто используются Passive Voice с Past Participle:
• The patient was admitted.
• Blood samples were taken.
• Antibiotics were given.
• A tumor was found.
Поэтому третья форма (Past Participle) особенно важна.
Упражнения
Поставьте глаголы в Past Indefinite (Past Simple)/переделайте в Passive Voice:
1. The patient (have) a history of hypertension and diabetes.
2. The medical team (do) several diagnostic tests.
3. The doctor (make) a preliminary diagnosis of pneumonia.
4. The nurse (take) the patient's blood pressure and temperature.
5. The doctor (give) the patient antibiotics and pain medication.
6. After the treatment, the patient (get) better within two days.
7. The patient (come) to the emergency department late at night.
8. After the surgery, the pain (go) away.
9. The cardiologist (see) abnormalities on the ECG.
10. The MRI scan (find) a small tumor in the brain.
11. The chest X-ray (show) signs of lung infection.
12. The patient's condition (become) critical suddenly.
13. The symptoms (begin) three days before hospitalization.
14. The tumor (grow) rapidly during the last six months.
15. Scientists (know) that smoking increases the risk of heart disease.
16. The doctor (write) a prescription for antibiotics.
17. The patient (break) his arm in a bicycle accident.
18. The infection (lead) to serious complications.
19. The research team (build) their study on previous clinical trials.
Поставьте глагол в Past Simple Passive (was/were + V3):
1. Several diagnostic tests (do) by the medical team.
2. A preliminary diagnosis of pneumonia (make) by the doctor.
3. The patient's blood pressure and temperature (take) by the nurse.
4. Antibiotics and pain medication (give) to the patient by the doctor.
5. The patient's condition (improve / get) after the treatment.
6. The patient (bring) to the emergency department late at night.
7. Abnormalities on the ECG (see) by the cardiologist.
8. A small tumor in the brain (find) by the MRI scan.
9. Signs of lung infection (show) on the chest X-ray.
10. The increased risk of heart disease due to smoking (know) by scientists.
11. A prescription for antibiotics (write) by the doctor.
12. The patient's arm (break) in a bicycle accident.
13. Serious complications (lead) by the infection.
14. The study (build) on previous clinical trials by the research team.
Переведите с помощью Active/Passive Voice:
1. Пациент был госпитализирован с сильной болью в груди. (be)
2. У пациента была история гипертонии и диабета. (have)
3. Медицинская команда провела несколько диагностических тестов. (do)
4. Врач поставил предварительный диагноз пневмонии. (make)
5. Медсестра измерила пациенту давление и температуру. (take)
6. Врач назначил пациенту антибиотики и обезболивающие. (give)
7. После лечения пациенту стало лучше через два дня. (get)
8. Пациент пришёл в отделение неотложной помощи поздно ночью. (come)
9. После операции боль постепенно прошла. (go)
10. Кардиолог заметил отклонения на ЭКГ. (see)
11. МРТ обнаружила небольшую опухоль в мозге. (find)
Passive Voice/Active Voice, Present Simple/Past Simple
1. The patient __________ to the cardiology department yesterday. (be/ admit)
2. A detailed medical history ____________ from the patient. (take)
3. Several blood tests ____________ in the morning. (do)
4. A diagnosis of myocardial infarction ___________ by the cardiologist. (make)
5. Blood samples _____________ for laboratory analysis. (take)
6. The patient ______________ aspirin immediately after admission. (give)
7. The patient ___________ to the intensive care unit very quickly. (take)
8. The patient _______________ to the clinic by ambulance. (bring)
9. The patient ____________ to the operating room after the examination. (send)
10. Early signs of heart failure ____________ on the echocardiogram. (see)
11. A small clot ____________ in the coronary artery. (find)
12. Serious abnormalities ____________ by the ECG results. (show)
13. The treatment _____________ immediately after the diagnosis. (begin)
14. It __________ that high cholesterol increases cardiac risk. (know)
15. A prescription for beta-blockers _____________ by the doctor. (write)
16. The artery ____________ during the traumatic injury. (break)
17. The research program ___________ on earlier cardiology studies. (build)
18. A new treatment plan ____________ after the consultation. (make)
19. The patient _______________ oxygen therapy in the emergency room. (give)
20. A detailed report ____________ after the operation. (write)
21. New diagnostic guidelines _____________ on recent clinical trials. (build)
22. Several important symptoms _____________ during the examination. (find)
Составьте предложения, используя неправильные глаголы + слова / словосочетания:
severe chest pain
blood test
diagnosis
blood samples
antibiotics
to the clinic
signs of infection
tumor
pneumonia
severe condition
the symptoms of cardiac arrest
in size
a prescription
previous research
diagnostic tests
blood pressure and temperature
to the emergency department
abnormalities on ECG
condition
before hospitalization
increases the risk
a presciption for pain medication
medication against flue
Active Vocabulary
to be admitted to the hospital
поступить в больницу
to be admitted to the hospital - поступить в больницу
to have a chest pain - иметь боль в груди
to do a blood test - сделать анализ крови
to make a preliminary diagnosis - вынести предварительный диагноз
to take blood samples - взять образцы крови
to give antibiotics - дать антибиотики
to get better - становиться лучше
to get worse - становиться хуже
to come to the clinic - поступить в клинику
to go away - уйти
to see the signs of infection - увидеть признаки инфекции
to find a tumor - обнаружить опухоль
to show pneumonia - показать пневмонию
to become severe - стать хуже
to grow in size - увеличиться в размерах
to increase the risk of heart disease - увеличивать риск сердечных заболеваний
to write a prescription - выписать рецепт
to break a bone - сломать кость
to lead to serious complications - привести к серьезным осложнениям
to build the study on previos research - постоить работу на предыдущих исследованиях
to have a history of hypertention - иметь в истории гипертензию
to do diagnostic tests - провести диагностические тесты
to take temperature - измерить температуру
to take blood pressure - измерить давление
to give pain medication - дать обезболивающие
to see abnormalities on the ECG - увидеть нарушения на ЭКГ
to become critical - становиться критическим
to begin before hospitalization - начаться до госпитализации
to break an arm - сломать руку
Study the Dialogue:
Nurse: Doctor, the patient was admitted to the cardiology department this morning.
Doctor: What symptoms did the patient have?
Nurse: The patient had severe chest pain and shortness of breath.
Doctor: Were any diagnostic tests done?
Nurse: Yes, several blood tests were done, and blood samples were taken.
Doctor: Good. Were the patient’s blood pressure and temperature taken?
Nurse: Yes, they were taken when the patient arrived.
Doctor: Did the ECG show anything abnormal?
Nurse: Yes, abnormalities on the ECG were seen.
Doctor: That may indicate myocardial infarction. Was a preliminary diagnosis made?
Nurse: Yes, a preliminary diagnosis was made by the emergency doctor.
Doctor: Was the patient given any medication?
Nurse: Yes, the patient was given aspirin and oxygen therapy.
Doctor: Good. Were any signs of infection seen?
Nurse: No, no signs of infection were seen during the examination.
Doctor: Were the symptoms present before hospitalization?
Nurse: Yes, the symptoms began before hospitalization.
Doctor: I see. Has the patient ever had hypertension?
Nurse: Yes, the patient has a history of hypertension.
Doctor: We should do additional diagnostic tests.
Nurse: Should new blood samples be taken?
Doctor: Yes, please take new blood samples and prepare the patient for echocardiography.
Nurse: Understood. Should antibiotics be given?
Doctor: Not yet. First we must confirm the diagnosis. I will write a prescription after the examination.
Nurse: All right, doctor. I will monitor the patient’s condition and report any changes.
Составьте диалоги по ситуации на картинках:
Say in English:
1. Пациент поступил в больницу вчера. (to be admitted to the hospital)
2. У него была боль в груди утром. (to have a chest pain)
3. Врач сделал анализ крови. (to do a blood test)
4. Доктор вынес предварительный диагноз. (to make a preliminary diagnosis)
5. Медсестра взяла образцы крови. (to take blood samples)
6. Врач дал антибиотики пациенту. (to give antibiotics)
7. Пациент стал лучше через два дня. (to get better)
8. Его состояние стало хуже ночью. (to get worse)
9. Он поступил в клинику утром. (to come to the clinic)
10. Боль ушла вечером. (to go away)
11. Врач увидел признаки инфекции. (to see the signs of infection)
12. Они обнаружили опухоль. (to find a tumor)
13. Рентген показал пневмонию. (to show pneumonia)
14. Состояние стало тяжелым. (to become severe)
15. Опухоль увеличилась в размерах. (to grow in size)
16. Это увеличило риск сердечных заболеваний. (to increase the risk of heart disease)
17. Врач выписал рецепт. (to write a prescription)
18. Он сломал кость на тренировке. (to break a bone)
19. Это привело к серьезным осложнениям. (to lead to serious complications)
20. Они построили работу на предыдущих исследованиях. (to build the study on previous research)
21. У пациента была гипертензия в анамнезе. (to have a history of hypertension)
22. Врачи провели диагностические тесты. (to do diagnostic tests)
23. Медсестра измерила температуру. (to take temperature)
24. Врач измерил давление. (to take blood pressure)
25. Ему дали обезболивающие. (to give pain medication)
26. Врач увидел нарушения на ЭКГ. (to see abnormalities on the ECG)
27. Состояние стало критическим. (to become critical)
28. Болезнь началась до госпитализации. (to begin before hospitalization)
29. Он сломал руку вчера. (to break an arm)
Say in English:
1. Пациент был принят в больницу вчера. (to be admitted to the hospital)
2. Анализ крови был сделан врачом. (to do a blood test)
3. Предварительный диагноз был вынесен доктором. (to make a preliminary diagnosis)
4. Образцы крови были взяты медсестрой. (to take blood samples)
5. Антибиотики были даны пациенту. (to give antibiotics)
6. Признаки инфекции были замечены врачом. (to see the signs of infection)
7. Опухоль была обнаружена. (to find a tumor)
8. Пневмония была показана на рентгене. (to show pneumonia)
9. Риск сердечных заболеваний был увеличен. (to increase the risk of heart disease)
10. Рецепт был выписан врачом. (to write a prescription)
11. Кость была сломана на тренировке. (to break a bone)
12. Работа была построена на предыдущих исследованиях. (to build the study on previous research)
13. Диагностические тесты были проведены врачами. (to do diagnostic tests)
14. Температура была измерена медсестрой. (to take temperature)
15. Давление было измерено врачом. (to take blood pressure)
16. Обезболивающие были даны пациенту. (to give pain medication)
17. Нарушения на ЭКГ были замечены врачом. (to see abnormalities on the ECG)
18. Рука была сломана вчера. (to break an arm)
Study the Text:
A 58-year-old man came to the clinic with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. He had chest pain for two days before admission. The symptoms began before hospitalization and gradually worsened. The patient was admitted to the hospital in serious condition.
On admission, his heart rate was 110 beats per minute, and his blood pressure was 160/95 mmHg. His temperature was taken and measured at 38.5°C. His blood pressure was taken by the nurse. The pulse was rapid and irregular. On examination, the doctor saw signs of infection, including fever and weakness. Lung auscultation revealed decreased breath sounds and crackles.
The medical team did diagnostic tests immediately. A blood test was done, and blood samples were taken. The blood test showed an elevated white blood cell count and increased inflammatory markers. The ECG showed abnormalities, and they were clearly seen by the cardiologist. A chest X-ray showed pneumonia. Later, a tumor was found in the lung tissue, and it grew in size compared to previous imaging.
The doctor made a preliminary diagnosis of pneumonia with possible malignancy. The patient had a history of hypertension. His condition became severe within 24 hours and then became critical. This led to serious complications, including respiratory failure. The disease increased the risk of heart disease.
Antibiotic therapy was started immediately. Intravenous Ceftriaxone 1 g was given once daily, and Azithromycin 500 mg was given once daily. Pain medication was provided with Ibuprofen 400 mg every 8 hours. Oxygen therapy was started at a rate of 5 liters per minute via face mask.
Due to hypertension, Lisinopril 10 mg was given once daily. When the condition became critical, intravenous fluids were administered at a rate of 100 ml per hour. In addition, Heparin 5000 units was given subcutaneously every 8 hours to reduce the risk of complications. A prescription was written by the doctor.
After several days, the patient got better gradually. However, at one stage, his condition got worse again, and antibiotic therapy was adjusted. Eventually, the chest pain went away, and his breathing improved.
Make a Medical Report, Use the Plan:
1. Patient Information
- Age, sex (58-year-old man)
- Chief complaints (chest pain, shortness of breath)
- Time of symptom onset (2 days before admission)
2. History of Present Illness
- Description of chest pain (duration, progression)
- Onset before hospitalization
- Worsening of symptoms over time
3. Past Medical History
- History of hypertension
- Other relevant conditions (if any)
4. Physical Examination
- General condition on admission (serious)
Vital signs:
- Heart rate (110 bpm)
- Blood pressure (160/95 mmHg)
- Temperature (38.5°C)
- Pulse characteristics (rapid, irregular)
- Lung examination (decreased breath sounds, crackles)
- Signs of infection (fever, weakness)
5. Diagnostic Assessment
Laboratory tests:
- Blood test (elevated WBC, inflammatory markers)
- Instrumental tests:
ECG (abnormalities)
Chest X-ray (pneumonia)
Additional findings:
- Tumor in lung tissue
- Increase in tumor size
6. Diagnosis
- Preliminary diagnosis (pneumonia with possible malignancy)
- Risk factors (hypertension, infection)
7. Clinical Course
- Rapid progression (became severe, then critical)
- Development of complications (respiratory failure)
- Increased cardiovascular risk
8. Treatment
- Antibiotic therapy (Ceftriaxone, Azithromycin)
- Pain management (Ibuprofen)
- Oxygen therapy (5 L/min)
- Antihypertensive therapy (Lisinopril)
- Anticoagulant therapy (Heparin)
- Intravenous fluids (100 ml/hour)
- Adjustment of therapy during deterioration
9. Outcome
- Gradual improvement
- Temporary worsening
- Resolution of chest pain
- Improvement of breathing